定语从句是高中语法的「分水岭」:会的人一眼看出关系词,不会的人全靠蒙。其实它没有想象中复杂——记住两个动作:①先找先行词;②再看它在从句里当什么成分,关系词自然就出来了。
这篇把定语从句的考点一次性梳理清楚:基础概念、关系代词五大用法、关系副词、限制性 vs 非限制性对比,每个考点都配了例句,看完可以直接上手做题。

一、基础:先行词与关系词
先行词:被修饰的名词 / 代词。
关系词两大作用:指代先行词 + 在从句中充当句子成分。
- 关系代词:that, which, who, whom, whose, as
- 关系副词:when, where, why

二、核心:关系代词五大用法
基础区分
| 关系词 | 用法 |
|---|---|
| that | 既可指人,也可指物 |
| which | 只指物(非限制中可指整件事),不能指人 |
| who / whom | 只指人 |
只用 that,不用 which(限制性定语从句)
口诀:高代序双特疑
- 1. 先行词为不定代词(all, everything, anything, nothing 等)
Is there anything that you want? - 2. 先行词被最高级、序数词修饰
This is the most interesting story that I have read. - 3. 先行词既有人又有物
We talked about the teachers and schools that we visited. - 4. 先行词被 all, any, every, no, very 等修饰
Any person that has enough money can join the group. - 5. 先行词被 the same, the only 修饰
He is the only student that passed the test.

只用 which,不用 that 的两种情况
口诀:非限及介
- 1. 引导非限制性定语从句(有逗号隔开)
He failed the exam, which made him sad. - 2. 介词提前,放在关系词前面
This is the house in which he lives.
who / whom(只指人)
- who:主格,在从句作主语
The girl who is standing there is my student. - whom:宾格,在从句作宾语;介词提前只能用 whom
The man to whom I spoke is a scientist.
whose 表「……的」
人、物均可。
The boy whose father is a doctor works hard.

as 的特殊用法
as 既能引导限制性定语从句,也能引导非限制性定语从句。
① 限制性从句:必须依附固定搭配:such…as、the same…as、so…as、as…as
- I have the same book as you have. 我有一本和你一样的书。
- Such people as he described are hard to find. 像他描述的这类人很难找到。
拓展区分:the same … as 同类事物;the same … that 同一事物
- Her dress is the same as her sister’s. 她的裙子和姐姐的款式一样。
- This is the same bag that I lost yesterday. 这就是我昨天弄丢的那个书包。
② 非限制性从句:指代整个主句,翻译成「正如……」,位置灵活(句首/句中/句末)
- 作主语:As is often the case, he gets up early. 正如平常那样,他早起。
- 作宾语:As you can see, the park is very beautiful. 正如你所见,公园很漂亮。
- 作表语:She is a quiet girl, as she seems. 她是一个文静的女孩,正如看上去那样。

三、关系副词:when / where / why
| 关系副词 | = 介词 + which | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| when(表时间) | on / in / at + which | I remember the day when we met. |
| where(表地点) | in / at + which | This is the school where I studied. |
| why(表原因) | for which | I don’t know the reason why he is late. |
⚠️ 重点禁忌:why 不能引导非限制性定语从句
补充:先行词为 reason / place / day 时,限制性从句可用 that 替代关系副词(但 that 不能作状语)。
介词 + 关系代词
- 介词前置:指物 → which;指人 → whom,不能用 that / who
- The man to whom you spoke was a scientist.
- The city in which she lives is far away.
⚠️ 注意:look after、depend on 这类固定短语,介词不能提前
- Is this the watch that you are looking for?
- The old man whom I am looking after is better.

四、限制性 VS 非限制性(对比表)
| 对比项目 | 限制性 | 非限制性 |
|---|---|---|
| 标点符号 | 无逗号,从句紧跟先行词 | 有逗号,主句和从句隔开 |
| 作用 | 限定先行词,删除后主句意思残缺 | 补充附加信息,删除后主句意思完整 |
| 能否用 that | ✅ 可以使用 that | ❌ 禁止使用 that;why 也不能引导 |
| 引导词省略 | 作宾语时可省略 | 一律不能省略 |
| 先行词范围 | 只能修饰名词 / 代词 | 可修饰名词,也可指代整件事 |
例句辨析
- The boy who wears glasses is my student. 戴眼镜的男孩是我的学生。
(去掉从句,无法分清是哪个男孩) - My brother, who wears glasses, likes reading. 我的哥哥戴着眼镜,他喜欢阅读。
(去掉从句,句意依旧完整) - He won the game, which surprised everyone.
(which 指代「他赢得比赛」整件事)

总结:做题三步法
先找先行词 → 再看从句成分 → 最后选关系词,三步走完,定语从句不再靠蒙。