高中定语从句全套梳理:4 张表吃透所有考点

定语从句是高中语法的「分水岭」:会的人一眼看出关系词,不会的人全靠蒙。其实它没有想象中复杂——记住两个动作:①先找先行词;②再看它在从句里当什么成分,关系词自然就出来了。

这篇把定语从句的考点一次性梳理清楚:基础概念、关系代词五大用法、关系副词、限制性 vs 非限制性对比,每个考点都配了例句,看完可以直接上手做题。

定语从句口诀速记

一、基础:先行词与关系词

先行词:被修饰的名词 / 代词。

关系词两大作用:指代先行词 + 在从句中充当句子成分。

  • 关系代词:that, which, who, whom, whose, as
  • 关系副词:when, where, why

定语从句笔记图2


二、核心:关系代词五大用法

基础区分

关系词 用法
that 既可指人,也可指物
which 只指物(非限制中可指整件事),不能指人
who / whom 只指人

只用 that,不用 which(限制性定语从句)

口诀:高代序双特疑

  • 1. 先行词为不定代词(all, everything, anything, nothing 等)
    Is there anything that you want?
  • 2. 先行词被最高级、序数词修饰
    This is the most interesting story that I have read.
  • 3. 先行词既有人又有物
    We talked about the teachers and schools that we visited.
  • 4. 先行词被 all, any, every, no, very 等修饰
    Any person that has enough money can join the group.
  • 5. 先行词被 the same, the only 修饰
    He is the only student that passed the test.

定语从句笔记图3

只用 which,不用 that 的两种情况

口诀:非限及介

  • 1. 引导非限制性定语从句(有逗号隔开)
    He failed the exam, which made him sad.
  • 2. 介词提前,放在关系词前面
    This is the house in which he lives.

who / whom(只指人)

  • who:主格,在从句作主语
    The girl who is standing there is my student.
  • whom:宾格,在从句作宾语;介词提前只能用 whom
    The man to whom I spoke is a scientist.

whose 表「……的」

人、物均可。
The boy whose father is a doctor works hard.

定语从句笔记图4

as 的特殊用法

as 既能引导限制性定语从句,也能引导非限制性定语从句。

① 限制性从句:必须依附固定搭配:such…as、the same…as、so…as、as…as

  • I have the same book as you have. 我有一本和你一样的书。
  • Such people as he described are hard to find. 像他描述的这类人很难找到。

拓展区分:the same … as 同类事物;the same … that 同一事物

  • Her dress is the same as her sister’s. 她的裙子和姐姐的款式一样。
  • This is the same bag that I lost yesterday. 这就是我昨天弄丢的那个书包。

② 非限制性从句:指代整个主句,翻译成「正如……」,位置灵活(句首/句中/句末)

  • 作主语:As is often the case, he gets up early. 正如平常那样,他早起。
  • 作宾语:As you can see, the park is very beautiful. 正如你所见,公园很漂亮。
  • 作表语:She is a quiet girl, as she seems. 她是一个文静的女孩,正如看上去那样。

定语从句笔记图5


三、关系副词:when / where / why

关系副词 = 介词 + which 例句
when(表时间) on / in / at + which I remember the day when we met.
where(表地点) in / at + which This is the school where I studied.
why(表原因) for which I don’t know the reason why he is late.

⚠️ 重点禁忌:why 不能引导非限制性定语从句

补充:先行词为 reason / place / day 时,限制性从句可用 that 替代关系副词(但 that 不能作状语)。

介词 + 关系代词

  • 介词前置:指物 → which;指人 → whom,不能用 that / who
  • The man to whom you spoke was a scientist.
  • The city in which she lives is far away.

⚠️ 注意:look after、depend on 这类固定短语,介词不能提前

  • Is this the watch that you are looking for?
  • The old man whom I am looking after is better.

定语从句笔记图6


四、限制性 VS 非限制性(对比表)

对比项目 限制性 非限制性
标点符号 无逗号,从句紧跟先行词 有逗号,主句和从句隔开
作用 限定先行词,删除后主句意思残缺 补充附加信息,删除后主句意思完整
能否用 that ✅ 可以使用 that ❌ 禁止使用 that;why 也不能引导
引导词省略 作宾语时可省略 一律不能省略
先行词范围 只能修饰名词 / 代词 可修饰名词,也可指代整件事

例句辨析

  • The boy who wears glasses is my student. 戴眼镜的男孩是我的学生。
    (去掉从句,无法分清是哪个男孩)
  • My brother, who wears glasses, likes reading. 我的哥哥戴着眼镜,他喜欢阅读。
    (去掉从句,句意依旧完整)
  • He won the game, which surprised everyone.
    (which 指代「他赢得比赛」整件事)

定语从句笔记图7

总结:做题三步法

先找先行词 → 再看从句成分 → 最后选关系词,三步走完,定语从句不再靠蒙。

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